The
growth of research in various areas highlights the increasing needs of human
life, such as in the fields of energy, materials, production, and
transportation. Research in the field of fluid flow for energy savings is now
very advanced, and research on the fluid flow pattern with a micro-scale is
performed to obtain a high heat transfer with a low pressure drop. The use of
microorganisms, biomass, and the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is employed to
stimulate heat transfer and fluid flow to produce energy through a more
efficient and more environmentally friendly process.

Furthermore,
research on the designs and processes of air-conditioning systems is essential
in view of energy consumption, which has exhibited a significant rise. Air
conditioning is included in the future of transportation, namely electric cars,
to achieve energy efficiency in vehicles. In addition to vehicle systems,
attention should also be given to the precision of the routes and schedules of
vehicles, particularly for public transport, so research on transportation
modeling has also become very important. Another increasing requirement, which
in the past has not been very well thought out, is the level of human comfort
in driving. The challenge is to align the needs of driving comfort with energy
efficiency requirements. The effort to reduce fuel consumption is also applied
in marine transport modes by reducing the drag of ships.

Moreover,
cost efficiency related to energy consumption is an important issue in the
production process. The management of manufacturing processes, including the
production arrangement layout area, will greatly affect efficiency. This
special edition presents the current manufacturing research in relation to
various technologies associated with materials, automation, semiconductor, and
nano devices.